Abstract: With the continuous advancement of high-energy weapon technology, energy storage systems are playing an increasingly important role in ensuring the stability of energy supply for naval platforms. However, the risk of thermal runaway in battery energy storage systems hinders their further application on naval platforms. Therefore, this paper conducts thermal runaway simulation research for lithium battery energy storage systems on naval platforms, constructing simulation models of submerged and liquid-cooled plate energy storage systems using Fluent and Simulink software. Using the real working conditions of a specific vessel as an example, thermal runaway simulation experiments were carried out. The results show that compared to the liquid-cooled plate method, the submerged cooling method exhibits superior performance in managing thermal runaway, better controlling temperature fluctuations, and maintaining system stability, making it more promising for naval platform applications. This research provides theoretical and technical support for the development of safety control technologies in energy storage power stations for naval platforms.