Objective This research focuses on the energy characteristics of false targets generated by time-modulated adaptive jamming technology, aiming to address the significant variations in these characteristics under different modulation modules and parameter settings. The objective is to provide a comprehensive understanding of how modulation parameters influence the energy distribution of false targets, thereby offering valuable insights for practical applications in electronic warfare.

Method First, theoretical models of interference were established for different modulation modules targeting linear frequency modulation (LFM) pulse radar. These models elucidate the mapping relationship between modulation timing and the amplitude of false targets. Second, a Ku-band jamming system was designed and fabricated to experimentally validate the theoretical findings. The system incorporates 1-bit modulation modules and control modules to generate time-modulated signals. Numerical simulations were conducted to assess the energy characteristics of false targets under various duty cycles and modulation schemes. Additionally, experimental measurements were performed in a controlled environment to compare the performance of different modulation modules and to verify the accuracy of the simulation results.

Results The results demonstrate that 1-bit modulation has a unique capability to conceal the fundamental frequency target energy, making it difficult for radar systems to detect the true target. Under a fixed modulation scheme, it was observed that as the duty cycle of the modulation signal decreases, the amplitude difference between each harmonic and the fundamental frequency also diminishes. When the harmonic amplitudes approach that of the fundamental frequency, the radar's ability to distinguish between true and false targets is significantly compromised. This finding highlights the importance of duty cycle optimization in enhancing the effectiveness of time-modulated adaptive jamming. The experimental results were found to be in good agreement with the numerical simulations, thereby validating the theoretical models and the effectiveness of the proposed jamming system.

Conclusions By employing 1-bit modulation and carefully adjusting the duty cycle of the modulation signal, it is possible to achieve a rational allocation of real target energy, thereby improving the jamming effectiveness against modern radar systems. This research not only provides a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the energy characteristics of false targets but also offers practical guidance for the design and implementation of time-modulated adaptive jamming systems. Future work may focus on extending this study to multi-target jamming scenarios, incorporating artificial intelligence algorithms to optimize jamming strategies in real-time, and exploring countermeasures against emerging radar technologies.